基于python的web应用（一）

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发布时间：2019-06-28

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基于python的web应用

1 操作系统版本：

root@debian:~# cat /etc/debian_version

7.1

root@debian:~#

2 服务器前期准备:

由于安装系统的时候只安装了ssh服务，需要在安装后安装一些使用的开发包和设置，方便维护

2.1 网络设置：

vi /etc/network/interfaces

allow-hotplug eth0

auto eth0

iface eth0 inet static

address 10.15.62.202

netmask 255.255.255.0

gateway 10.15.62.254

2.2 配置apt源sources.list

这个是我配置的使用了本地源和163的镜像源

# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 7.1.0 _Wheezy_ - Official amd64 DVD Binary-1 20130615-23:06]/ wheezy contrib main

#local

deb file:///mnt/iso1 wheezy contrib main

#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 7.1.0 _Wheezy_ - Official amd64 DVD Binary-1 20130615-23:06]/ wheezy contrib main（注释掉）

#deb http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main contrib

#deb-src http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main contrib

#163

deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian wheezy main contrib non-free

deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian wheezy-proposed-updates main contrib non-free

deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian wheezy main non-free contrib

deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian wheezy-proposed-updates main contrib non-free

# wheezy-updates, previously known as 'volatile'

# A network mirror was not selected during install. The following entries

# are provided as examples, but you should amend them as appropriate

# for your mirror of choice.

# deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-updates main contrib

# deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-updates main contrib

然后更新数据源：

#apt-get update

2.3 安装常用软件

vim，gcc，g++,python

注意：由于系统使用的vi不方便自己的操作习惯，故安装vim

#apt-get install gcc

#apt-get install g++

#apt-get install vim

#apt-get install python

2.4 系统内核优化：

echo net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 6000 >> /etc/sysctl.conf

echo net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000 >>/etc/sysctl.conf

echo net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1 >>/etc/sysctl.conf

echo net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1 >>/etc/sysctl.conf

echo net.core.somaxconn = 262144 >>/etc/sysctl.conf

echo net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0 >>/etc/sysctl.conf

echo net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 1 >>/etc/sysctl.conf

echo net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 1 >>/etc/sysctl.conf

echo net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 30 >>/etc/sysctl.conf

echo fs.file-max = 65535 >>/etc/sysctl.conf

sysctl -p （配置生效）

echo '* soft nofile 65536' >>/etc/security/limits.conf

echo '* hard nofile 65536' >>/etc/security/limits.conf

echo '* soft nproc 8192' >>/etc/security/limits.conf

echo '* hard nproc 8192' >>/etc/security/limits.conf

备注：打开连接数重启后生效，以上参数具体含义这里不在说明

3 程序部署：

安装tornado:

#tar -zxvf tornado-3.1.1.tar.gz -C /usr/local

#mv tornado-3.1.1 tornado

#cd tornado

# python setup.py build

#python setup.py install

3.1安装setuptools

说明：python的加强包，注意安装是选择与python的版本一致，我这里安装的python版本为2.7.3-4：

开始安装：

#sh setuptools-0.6c11-py2.7.egg

3.2 Supervisor安装：

说明：supervisor是用 pathon写的一个工具，是比较好的服务管理工具，一个很重要的功能就是监控服务器主要服务，并且在出现问题时进行重启

3.2.1 安装：

#easy_install supervisor

3.2.2生成配置文件：

# echo_supervisord_conf > /etc/supervisord.conf

3.2.3修改配置文件：

修改/etc/supervisord.conf文件添加

[group:tornado]

programs=tornado-8001,tornado-8002,tornado-8003,tornado-8004

[program:tornado-8001]

command=python /var/www/hello.py -port=8001

process_name=tornado-8001

directory=/var/www/

autorestart=true

redirect_stderr=true

stdout_logfile=/var/log/tornado/tornado-8001.log

stdout_logfile_maxbytes=5000MB

stdout_logfile_backups=50

stdout_capture_maxbytes=1MB

stdout_events_enabled=false

loglevel=warn

[program:tornado-8002]

process_name=tornado-8002

command=python /var/www/hello.py -port=8002

directory=/var/www/

autorestart=true

redirect_stderr=true

stdout_logfile=/var/log/tornado/tornado-8002.log

stdout_logfile_maxbytes=5000MB

stdout_logfile_backups=50

stdout_capture_maxbytes=1MB

stdout_events_enabled=false

loglevel=warn

[program:tornado-8003]

process_name=tornado-8003

command=python /var/www/hello.py -port=8003

directory=/var/www/

autorestart=true

redirect_stderr=true

stdout_logfile=/var/log/tornado/tornado-8003.log

stdout_logfile_maxbytes=5000MB

stdout_logfile_backups=50

stdout_capture_maxbytes=1MB

stdout_events_enabled=false

loglevel=warn

[program:tornado-8004]

process_name=tornado-8004

command=python /var/www/hello.py -port=8004

directory=/var/www/

autorestart=true

redirect_stderr=true

stdout_logfile=/var/log/tornado/tornado-8004.log

stdout_logfile_maxbytes=5000MB

stdout_logfile_backups=50

stdout_capture_maxbytes=1MB

stdout_events_enabled=false

注意：这里开启了四个进程（防止单个进程挂掉造成宕机，进程数量和cpu核心一致即可），程序的入口为hello.py

3.3编写一个测试案例

命名为hello.py，保存路径：/var/www/

#coding=utf-8

import sys

import tornado.httpserver

import tornado.ioloop

import tornado.options

import tornado.web

from tornado.options import define, options

#define("port", default=8888, help="run on the given port", type=int)

port = int(sys.argv[1].split('=')[1])

if port == 0:

exit(1)

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

def get(self):

content = "hello ,world"

self.write(content)

def main():

application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/", MainHandler),

])

http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(application)

http_server.listen(port)

tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

3.4启动supervisor服务：

#supervisord -c /etc/supervisord.conf

3.5管理python进程：

root@debian:~# supervisorctl

tornado:tornado-8001 RUNNING pid 8706, uptime 0:42:49

tornado:tornado-8002 RUNNING pid 8707, uptime 0:42:49

tornado:tornado-8003 RUNNING pid 8708, uptime 0:42:49

tornado:tornado-8004 RUNNING pid 8705, uptime 0:42:49

supervisor> status/stop/start/restart （状态，关闭，启动，重启）

查看端口是否侦听：

和定义端口一直：

3.6测试

使用IE访问：

正常访问。

3.7 编写tornado启动脚本：

#!/bin/sh

### BEGIN INIT INFO

# Provides: supervisord

# Required-Start: $remote_fs $syslog

# Required-Stop: $remote_fs $syslog

# Default-Start: 2 3 4 5

# Default-Stop:

# Short-Description: OpenBSD Secure Shell server

### END INIT INFO

# description: Supervisor Server

# processname: supervisord

set -e

RETVAL=0

DAEMON="/usr/local/bin/supervisord"

MANAGER="/usr/local/bin/supervisorctl"

CONFIGFILE="/etc/supervisord.conf"

test -x "${DAEMON}" || exit 0

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

START()

{

daemon_pid=$(/bin/ps -ef|/bin/grep /usr/local/bin/supervisord|/bin/grep -v "grep" |/usr/bin/awk '{print $2}')

if ( [ -z ${daemon_pid}] ) then

log_daemon_msg "Starting periodic command scheduler" "supervisord"

$DAEMON -c $CONFIGFILE

RETVAL=$?

log_end_msg $RETVAL

else

$MANAGER start all

}

STOP()

{

daemon_pid=$(ps -ef|grep /usr/local/bin/supervisord|grep -v grep |awk '{print $2}')

log_daemon_msg "Stopping periodic command scheduler:supervisord"

$MANAGER stop all

/bin/kill -9 ${daemon_pid}

RETVAL=$?

log_end_msg $RETVAL

}

case "$1" in

start)

START

;;

stop)

STOP

;;

status)

$DAEMON status

;;

restart)

stop

start

;;

echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|status}"

;;

esac

注意：跑脚本的时候可能会提示：Unlinking stale socket /tmp/supervisor.sock，这个时候需要安装python的功能组件python-meld3,安装的时候需要先停掉python进程，不然会安装失败

#apt-get install python-meld3

将supervisord加入到系统服务：

备注，到此完成python环境的整体搭建

4 Nginx安装，配置，调优：

4.1 安装

#apt-get install nginx

这里安装的nginx版本为：

root@debian:~# nginx -v

nginx version: nginx/1.2.1

root@debian:~#

4.2 配置，优化。

红色部分为修改部分，具体优化参数，这里不在解释。

4.2.1 主配置文件 nginx.conf

user root;

worker_processes 4;

worker_cpu_affinity 0001 0010 0100 1000;

pid /var/run/nginx.pid;

worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;

events {

worker_connections 8192;

use epoll;

# multi_accept on;

}

http {

# Basic Settings

sendfile on;

tcp_nopush on;

tcp_nodelay on;

keepalive_timeout 65;

types_hash_max_size 2048;

server_tokens off;

server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;

server_name_in_redirect off;

include /etc/nginx/mime.types;

default_type application/octet-stream;

# Logging Settings

access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;

error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;

# Gzip Settings

gzip on;

gzip_disable "msie6";

gzip_vary on;

gzip_proxied any;

gzip_comp_level 6;

gzip_buffers 16 8k;

gzip_http_version 1.1;

gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;

client_header_buffer_size 2k;

large_client_header_buffers 4 4k;

client_max_body_size 8m;

# nginx-naxsi config

# Uncomment it if you installed nginx-naxsi

#include /etc/nginx/naxsi_core.rules;

# nginx-passenger config

# Uncomment it if you installed nginx-passenger

#passenger_root /usr;

#passenger_ruby /usr/bin/ruby;

# Virtual Host Configs

include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;

include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;

}

#mail {

# # See sample authentication script at:

# # http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript

# # auth_http localhost/auth.php;

# # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER";

# # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS";

# server {

# listen localhost:110;

# protocol pop3;

# proxy on;

# }

# server {

# listen localhost:143;

# protocol imap;

# proxy on;

# }

4.2.2 default配置文件

# You may add here your

# server {

# ...

# }

# statements for each of your virtual hosts to this file

# You should look at the following URL's in order to grasp a solid understanding

# of Nginx configuration files in order to fully unleash the power of Nginx.

# http://wiki.nginx.org/Pitfalls

# http://wiki.nginx.org/QuickStart

# http://wiki.nginx.org/Configuration

# Generally, you will want to move this file somewhere, and start with a clean

# file but keep this around for reference. Or just disable in sites-enabled.

# Please see /usr/share/doc/nginx-doc/examples/ for more detailed examples.

upstream tornado {

server 127.0.0.1:8001;

server 127.0.0.1:8002;

server 127.0.0.1:8003;

server 127.0.0.1:8004;

}

server {

listen 80; ## listen for ipv4; this line is default and implied

#listen [::]:80 default_server ipv6only=on; ## listen for ipv6

root /var/www;

# Make site accessible from http://localhost/

server_name localhost;

location / {

proxy_pass_header Server;

proxy_set_header Host $http_host;

proxy_redirect off;

proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;

proxy_set_header X-Scheme $scheme;

proxy_pass http://tornado;

}

location /doc/ {

alias /usr/share/doc/;

autoindex on;

allow 10.15.62.200;

allow ::1;

deny all;

}

location /status/ {

stub_status on;

access_log off;

allow 10.15.62.200;

deny all;

}

# Only for nginx-naxsi used with nginx-naxsi-ui : process denied requests

#location /RequestDenied {

# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;

#error_page 404 /404.html;

# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html

#error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;

#location = /50x.html {

# root /usr/share/nginx/www;

# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000

#location ~ \.php$ {

# fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;

# # NOTE: You should have "cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0;" in php.ini

# # With php5-cgi alone:

# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

# # With php5-fpm:

# fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;

# fastcgi_index index.php;

# include fastcgi_params;

# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root

# concurs with nginx's one

#location ~ /\.ht {

# deny all;

}

# another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration

#server {

# listen 8000;

# listen somename:8080;

# server_name somename alias another.alias;

# root html;

# index index.html index.htm;

# location / {

# try_files $uri $uri/ =404;

# }

# HTTPS server

#server {

# listen 443;

# server_name localhost;

# root html;

# index index.html index.htm;

# ssl on;

# ssl_certificate cert.pem;

# ssl_certificate_key cert.key;

# ssl_session_timeout 5m;

# ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1;

# ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv3:+EXP;

# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

# location / {

# try_files $uri $uri/ =404;

# }

4.3 启动与停止：

#service nginx start

#service nginx stop

4.4访问测试：

访问正常，完成nginx反向代理

4.5 Nginx 支持ssl认证：

4.5.1 单向认证：

①　生成一个加密密钥：

#openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048

加密为2048位，加密方式为des3,生成加密key的时候会要求你输入加密密码，这里使用123456，但是在每次使用这个密钥去加密生成证书的时候就会提示输入你输入密码，比较麻烦，可以使用命令： #openssl -in server.key -out server.key 去掉加密密码

②　生成一个证书请求：

#openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr

会提示你输入国家，省份，地区等信息，email 一定要是你的域名后缀的你可以拿着这个文件去数字证书颁发机构（即CA）申请一个数字证书。

③　签名证书：

这里是自己做测试内部使用，可以采用openssl自签证书

#openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -signkey server.key -out server.crt

注意：将生成的key和证书放到nginx需要调用的目录

④　修改nginx配置：加入如下代码：

server {

listen 443 ;

server_name debian;

root /var/www;

index index.html index.htm;

ssl on;

#服务器证书文件

ssl_certificate ssl/server.crt;

#服务器加密文件

ssl_certificate_key ssl/server.key;

#ssl会保持时间

ssl_session_timeout 5m;

ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1;

ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv3:+EXP;

ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

location / {

#如果页面不存在返回404

try_files $uri $uri/ =404;

}

⑤　重启nginx

#service nginx restart

⑥　测试访问：

看到是可以正常访问的，只是证书不被认可

4.5.2 双向认证：

（一）在nginx目录下创建ca文件夹，进入ca：

#mkdir /etc/nginx/ca

#cd /etc/nginx/ca

#mkdir newcerts private conf server

说明：其中newcerts子目录将存放CA签署（颁发）过的数字证书（证书备份目录）。而private目录用于存放CA的私钥。目录conf只是用于存放一些简化参数用的配置文件，server存放服务器证书文件。

（二）在nginx的conf目录创建文件openssl.conf配置文件，内容如下：

[ ca ]

default_ca = foo # The default ca section

[ foo ]

dir = /etc/nginx/ca # top dir

database = /etc/nginx/ca/index.txt # index file.

new_certs_dir = /etc/nginx/ca/newcerts # new certs dir

certificate = /etc/nginx/ca/private/ca.crt # The CA cert

serial = /etc/nginx/ca/serial # serial no file

private_key = /etc/nginx/ca/private/ca.key # CA private key

RANDFILE =/etc/nginx/ca/private/.rand # random number file

default_days = 365 # how long to certify for

default_crl_days= 30 # how long before next CRL

default_md = md5 # message digest method to use

unique_subject = no # Set to 'no' to allow creation of

# several ctificates with same subject.

policy = policy_any # default policy

[ policy_any ]

countryName = match

stateOrProvinceName = match

organizationName = match

organizationalUnitName = match

localityName = optional

commonName = supplied

emailAddress = optional

（三）使用脚本创建证书

下面的几个脚本都放在nginx/ca/目录下，创建一个新的CA根证书

new_ca.sh 内容如下：

# Create us a key. Don't bother putting a password on it since you will need it to start apache. If you have a better work around I'd love to hear it.

openssl genrsa -out server/server.key

# Take our key and create a Certificate Signing Request for it.

openssl req -new -key server/server.key -out server/server.csr

# Sign this bastard key with our bastard CA key.

openssl ca -in server/server.csr -cert private/ca.crt -keyfile private/ca.key -out server/server.crt -config "/etc/nginx/ca/conf/openssl.conf"

执行 #sh new_ca.sh生成新的CA证书

（四）生成服务器证书的脚本。

new_server.sh内容如下：

# Create us a key. Don't bother putting a password on it since you will need it to start apache. If you have a better work around I'd love to hear it.

openssl genrsa -out server/server.key

# Take our key and create a Certificate Signing Request for it.

openssl req -new -key server/server.key -out server/server.csr

# Sign this bastard key with our bastard CA key.

openssl ca -in server/server.csr -cert private/ca.crt -keyfile private/ca.key -out server/server.crt -config "/etc/nginx/ca/conf/openssl.conf"

执行 #sh new_server.sh生成新服务器的证书

（五）配置 nginx的ssl支持：

server {

listen 443 ;

server_name debian;

root /var/www;

index index.html index.htm;

ssl on;

ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ca/server/server.crt;

ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ca/server/server.key;

#客户端侧证书

ssl_client_certificate /etc/nginx/ca/private/ca.crt;

ssl_session_timeout 5m;

ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1;

ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv3:+EXP;

ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

location / {

try_files $uri $uri/ =404;

}

（六）启动nginx ,等待客户连接

如果此时连接服务器，将提示400 Bad request certification的错误，故还需要生成客户端证书。

服务器后台访问日志也可以看到相应信息：

10.15.62.200 - - [21/Sep/2013:00:39:31 +0800] "-" 400 0 "-" "-"

这是因为客户端未安装自身的证书，造成验证失败

（七）新建一个脚本生成客户端证书：

new_user.sh 内容如下：

#!/bin/sh

# The base of where our SSL stuff lives.

base="/etc/nginx/ca"

# Were we would like to store keys... in this case we take the username given to us and store everything there.

mkdir -p $base/users/

# Let's create us a key for this user... yeah not sure why people want to use DES3 but at least let's make us a nice big key.

openssl genrsa -des3 -out $base/users/client.key 1024

# Create a Certificate Signing Request for said key.

openssl req -new -key $base/users/client.key -out $base/users/client.csr

# Sign the key with our CA's key and cert and create the user's certificate out of it.

openssl ca -in $base/users/client.csr -cert $base/private/ca.crt -keyfile $base/private/ca.key -out $base/users/client.crt -config "/etc/nginx/ca/conf/openssl.conf"

# This is the tricky bit... convert the certificate into a form that most browsers will understand PKCS12 to be specific.

# The export password is the password used for the browser to extract the bits it needs and insert the key into the user's keychain.

# Take the same precaution with the export password that would take with any other password based authentication scheme.

openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -in $base/users/client.crt -inkey $base/users/client.key -out $base/users/client.p12

执行 #shnew_user.sh生成一个 client证书。

按照提示一步一步来，这里要注意的是客户证书的几个项目要和根证书匹配。

也就是前面配置的:

countryName = match

stateOrProvinceName = match

organizationName = match

organizationalUnitName = match

不一致的话无法生成最后的客户证书，证书生成后，客户端导入证书浏览器，即可打开网站。